Ngokuhambela phambili kwabantu kunye nophuhliso loluntu, iimfuno zabantu zelaphu azipheleli nje kwimisebenzi elula, kodwa zikwanika ingqalelo engakumbi kukhuseleko lwabo kunye nempilo yabo, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo okuluhlaza kunye ne-ecology yendalo. Kule mihla, xa abantu bekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwendalo kunye nokusingqongileyo okuluhlaza, ukhuseleko lwelaphu luye lwatsala ingqalelo yabantu abaninzi. Umbuzo wokuba ingaba laphu liyingozi na emzimbeni womntu uye waba yenye yezona ndawo ziphambili abantu abazinika ingqalelo ukongeza kumayeza nokutya.
Ilaphu libhekisa kwifayibha yendalo kunye nefayibha yeekhemikhali njengezinto eziluhlaza, ngokusebenzisa ukusonta, ukuluka, ukudaya kunye nezinye iteknoloji zokucubungula okanye ukuthunga, iteknoloji edityanisiweyo kunye nezinye kwaye zenziwe ngeemveliso. Kubandakanya amalaphu empahla, amalaphu okuhombisa, amalaphu emizi-mveliso.
Iimpahla zokunxiba ziquka:(1) zonke iintlobo zeempahla; (2) zonke iintlobo zelaphu zelaphu ezisetyenziswa ekuvelisweni kweempahla; (3) ukugquma, ukugquma, ukuzalisa, intambo yokuhombisa, intambo yokuthunga kunye nezinye izixhobo zelaphu.
Iimpahla zokuhombisa ziquka: (1) izinto zangaphakathi – iikhethini (amakhethini, ikhethini), iilaphu zetafile (iinapkin, ilaphu letafile), iimpahla zefenitshala (isofa yobugcisa belaphu, isiciko sefenitshala), imihombiso yangaphakathi (izinto zokuhombisa iibhedi, iikhaphethi); (2) Izinto zokulala (ingubo yokugquma iibhedi, isiciko selaphu, i-pillowcase, itawuli yomqamelo, njl.njl.); (3) Izinto zangaphandle (iintente, iiambrela, njl.njl.).
I. Ukusebenza kokhuseleko lwempahla yokunxiba
(1) Iimfuno zoyilo lokhuseleko lwembonakalo yemveliso. Izalathisi eziphambili zezi:
1.Uzinzo lobukhulu: lwahlulwe ngokubanzi ngokwezinga lokutshintsha kobukhulu bokucoca okomileyo kunye nezinga lokutshintsha kobukhulu bokuhlamba. Libhekisa kwinqanaba lokutshintsha kobukhulu belaphu emva kokuhlamba okanye ukucoca okomileyo uze womise. Umgangatho wozinzo uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kweendleko zelaphu kunye nefuthe lokunxiba kwempahla.
2. Amandla okuxobuka kwelaphu elinamathelayo: kwiisuti, iidyasi kunye neehempe, ilaphu ligqunywe ngomaleko welaphu elinamathelayo elingalukwanga okanye ilaphu elinamathelayo elilukiweyo, ukuze ilaphu libe nokuqina nokuqina okufanelekileyo, ngelixa lenza abathengi bangabi lula ukulitshintsha kwaye bangabi nasimo xa benxiba, bedlala indima "yamathambo" esambatho. Kwangaxeshanye, kuyimfuneko ukugcina amandla okuncamathelisa phakathi kwelaphu elinamathelayo kunye nelaphu emva kokulinxiba nokulihlamba.
3. Ukupakisha: Ukupakisha kubhekisa kwinqanaba lokupakisha ilaphu emva kokungqubana. Inkangeleko yelaphu iba mandundu emva kokupakisha, nto leyo echaphazela ngqo ubuhle.
4. Ukutyibilika kwentambo okanye ukutyibilika kwentambo: ukutyibilika kwentambo kude nomthungo weminwe xa umthungo weminwe uxinzelelekile kwaye woluliwe. Ngokubanzi kubhekisa kwinqanaba lokuqhekeka kwentambo kwimithungo ephambili yeempahla zempahla ezifana nomthungo wesandla, umthungo wengalo, umthungo osecaleni kunye nomthungo wangasemva. Inqanaba lokutyibilika alikwazanga ukufikelela kwisalathisi esiqhelekileyo, esibonisa ulungelelwaniso olungafanelekanga lwentambo ye-warp kunye ne-weft kwizinto ze-lining kunye nobunzima obuncinci, obuchaphazele ngqo inkangeleko yokunxitywa kwaye nokuba ayinakunxitywa.
5.Ukuqhekeza, ukukrazula okanye ukugquma, ukuqhekeza amandla: ukuqhekeza amandla khokela ilaphu ukuba lithwale amandla aphezulu okuqhekeza; Ukukrazula amandla kubhekisela kwilaphu elukiweyo yinto, ihoko, ukuqhekeka koxinzelelo lwengingqi kunye nokwakheka kokuqhekeka, intambo okanye ilaphu lokubamba kwendawo, kangangokuba ilaphu lakrazulwa kubini, kwaye lidla ngokubizwa ngokuba kukukrazula: ukukrazula, ukukrazula kwesikhombisi sesalathiso iindawo zoomatshini ezibizwa ngokuba kukwanda nokukrazula, ezi zibonakaliso azifanelekanga, zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo isiphumo sokusetyenziswa kunye nobomi benkonzo.
6.Umxholo wefayibha: ubonisa ukwakheka kwefayibha kunye nobungakanani obukwilaphu. Umxholo wefayibha lulwazi olubalulekileyo olubhekisa kumthengi ukuba athenge imveliso kwaye yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ezigqiba ixabiso lemveliso, ezinye zidlula ngabom njengezicathulo, zidlula njengenkohliso, ezinye ziphawula ngokungacwangciswanga, zibhidanisa ingcamango, zikhohlisa umthengi.
7. Ukumelana nokuguguleka: kubhekisa kwinqanaba lokumelana nokuguguleka kwelaphu, ukuguguleka yinxalenye ephambili yomonakalo welaphu, kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuqina kwelaphu.
8. Iimfuno zokuthunga ngenkangeleko: kuquka ukulinganiswa kweenkcukacha, iziphene zomphezulu, ukuthunga, uku-ayina, intambo, amabala kunye nomahluko wombala, njl.njl., ukuvavanya inkangeleko ngokubala iziphene. Ngokukodwa, iintsana njengeqela elisengozini, ibisoloko ingqwalasela yethu ukukhusela into, iintsana ezisebenzisa amalaphu zinxibelelana ngqo neemfuno zemihla ngemihla zabantwana, ukhuseleko lwayo, intuthuzelo, abazali kunye noluntu lonke zizinto ezijongwayo. Umzekelo, iimfuno zeemveliso ezineziphu, ubude bentambo, ubungakanani bekhola, indawo yokuthunga yeleyibhile yokuqina kwephawu lorhwebo, iimfuno zomhombiso, kunye neemfuno zenxalenye yokuprinta zonke zibandakanya ukhuseleko.
(2) Amalaphu asetyenzisiweyo, izixhobo nokuba kukho izinto ezinobungozi. Izalathisi eziphambili zezi：
Umxholo weFormaldehyde:
1.I-Formaldehyde idla ngokusetyenziswa ekugqityweni kwe-resin yefayibha yelaphu ecocekileyo kunye nelaphu elixutyiweyo kunye nokugqitywa kokugqitywa kwezinye iimveliso zempahla. Inemisebenzi yokuyila ngokukhululekileyo, ukuncitshiswa, ukumelana nemibimbi kunye nokucoca ngokulula. Iimpahla ezenziweyo ezine-formaldehyde egqithisileyo, i-formaldehyde kwinkqubo yabantu abanxibayo ziya kukhululwa kancinci kancinci, ukuphefumla kunye nokunxibelelana kwesikhumba emzimbeni womntu, i-formaldehyde emzimbeni wendlela yokuphefumla kunye nesikhumba ivelisa ukuvuselela okukhulu, ibangela izifo ezinxulumene noko kwaye inokubangela umhlaza, ukuthathwa kwexesha elide kwe-formaldehyde ephantsi kunokubangela ukulahleka komnqweno wokutya, ukwehla kobunzima, ubuthathaka, iimpawu ezifana nokungalali, ubuthi kwiintsana bubonakala njenge-asthma, i-tracheitis, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-chromosome, kunye nokuncipha kokumelana.
Ixabiso le-2.PH
Ixabiso le-PH lisalathisi esisetyenziswa rhoqo esibonisa amandla e-asidi kunye ne-alkalinity, ngokubanzi phakathi kwexabiso le-0 ~ 14. Ulusu lomntu luphethe umaleko we-asidi ebuthathaka ukuthintela ukungena kwezifo. Ke ngoko, amalaphu, ingakumbi iimveliso ezidibana ngqo nolusu, anefuthe lokukhusela ulusu ukuba ixabiso le-pH linokulawulwa ngaphakathi koluhlu lwe-asidi engathathi cala ukuya kwebuthathaka. Ukuba akunjalo, inokucaphukisa ulusu, ibangele umonakalo kulusu, iintsholongwane, kunye nesifo.
3. Ukukhawuleza kombala
Ukuqina kombala kubhekisa kubuchule belaphu elidayiweyo okanye eliprintiweyo bokugcina umbala walo wokuqala kunye nokukhazimla (okanye ukungafi) phantsi kwesenzo sezinto ezahlukeneyo zangaphandle ngexesha lenkqubo yokudaya, ukuprinta okanye ukusebenzisa. Ukuqina kombala akuhambelani nje kuphela nomgangatho weemveliso zelaphu, kodwa kunxulumene ngqo nempilo kunye nokhuseleko lomzimba womntu. Iimveliso zelaphu, iidayi okanye ii-pigment ezinombala ophantsi zinokudluliselwa lula eluswini, kwaye iikhompawundi eziyingozi ze-organic kunye nee-ion zesinyithi ezinzima ezikuyo zinokufunxwa ngumzimba womntu ngesikhumba. Kwiimeko zokukhanya, zinokwenza abantu balume; kwiimeko ezinzima, zinokukhokelela kwi-erythema kunye neepapules kumphezulu wesikhumba, kwaye zide zibangele umhlaza. Ngokukodwa, isalathisi sokuqina kombala wesalivary kunye nokubila kweemveliso zeentsana sibaluleke kakhulu. Iintsana kunye nabantwana banokufunxa umbala ngamathe nokubila, kwaye iidayi eziyingozi kwilaphu ziya kubangela iziphumo ezimbi kwiintsana kunye nabantwana.
4. Ivumba elikhethekileyo
Iimpahla zelaphu ezikumgangatho ophantsi zihlala zihamba nevumba elithile, ukubakho kwevumba kubonisa ukuba kukho iintsalela zeekhemikhali ezininzi kwimpahla zelaphu, nto leyo elula kakhulu kubathengi ukuyigweba. Emva kokuvulwa, impahla zelaphu inokuthathwa njengevumba ukuba ivumba enye okanye ngaphezulu kwepetroleum emuncu, ebila kakhulu, i-parafini, intlanzi, okanye ii-hydrocarbons ezinuka kamnandi.
5. Iidayi ze-Azo ezivaliweyo
Idayi ye-azo ngokwayo ayithintelwanga kwaye akukho miphumo ngqo ye-carcinogenic, kodwa phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ingakumbi ukungakhawulezi kombala, inxalenye yedayi iya kudluliselwa eluswini lomntu ukusuka kwilaphu, kwinkqubo yemetabolism eqhelekileyo yokukhupha izinto eziphilayo emzimbeni womntu phantsi kokunciphisa i-aromatic amine, efunxwa kancinci ngumzimba womntu ngesikhumba, ibangele isifo somzimba, kwaye kwanesakhiwo se-DNA sokuqala sinokutshintsha umzimba womntu, sibangele umhlaza njalo njalo.
6. Iidayi zokuSasaza
Idayi ye-allergy ibhekisa kwidayi ethile enokubangela ukuba umntu okanye isilwanyana bangadibani nolusu, ulwelwesi lwe-mucous okanye indlela yokuphefumla. Okwangoku, kufunyenwe iintlobo ezingama-27 zeedayi ezivezwayo, kuquka iintlobo ezingama-26 zeedayi ezisasazekileyo kunye nohlobo olunye lweedayi ze-asidi. Iidayi ze-Disperse zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukudaya iimveliso ezicocekileyo okanye ezixutyiweyo ze-polyester, i-polyamide kunye neefayibha ze-acetate.
7. Umxholo wesinyithi onzima
Ukusetyenziswa kweedayi zesinyithi ezidibanisa izinto ezisetyenziswa kwimizila yelaphu kumthombo obalulekileyo weesinyithi ezisindayo kwimpahla yelaphu kwaye imicu yezityalo yendalo inokufunxa iisinyithi ezisindayo kumhlaba okanye emoyeni ongcolisiweyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhula nokucubungula. Ukongeza, izixhobo zempahla ezifana neeziphu, amaqhosha nazo zinokuba nezinto zesinyithi ezisindayo zasimahla. Iintsalela zesinyithi ezisindayo kwimpahla yelaphu ziya kubangela ubuthi obukhulu xa bufunxwa ngumzimba womntu ngesikhumba.
8. Intsalela yezibulali-zinambuzane
Ikakhulu ikhona kwi-fiber yendalo (umqhaphu) izibulala-zinambuzane, intsalela yezibulala-zinambuzane kwimpahla zihlala zizinzile, kunzima ukunyibilikisa, ukubola, ubuthi, zifunxwa ngumzimba womntu ngesikhumba ukuze ziqokelele uzinzo olukhoyo kwizicubu zomzimba, kunye nesibindi, izintso, ukuqokelelwa kwezicubu zentliziyo, njengokuphazamiseka kokukhutshwa okuqhelekileyo kokwenziwa emzimbeni. Ukukhululwa, imetabolism, njl.
9. Ukutsha kweempahla ezinxitywayo ngokubanzi
Nangona kukho iindlela zovavanyo lokusebenza kokutsha kwelaphu ezingaphezu kweshumi, kodwa umgaqo wovavanyo ungahlulwahlulwa ube ziindidi ezimbini: enye kukuvavanya isampulu yelaphu ekhanyayo kwiingxinano ezahlukeneyo zeoksijini, initrogen, ipesenti yobuncinci obufunekayo ukugcina ukutsha kwiigesi ezixutyiweyo, umxholo weoksijini (okwaziwa ngokuba yi-limit oxygen index), kwaye i-limit oxygen index ithi ukusebenza kokutsha kwelaphu. Ngokubanzi, okukhona i-limit oxygen index iphantsi, kokukhona kunokwenzeka ukuba ilaphu litshiswe. Eyesibini kukujonga nokuvavanya i-flame point yelaphu kwaye emva koko kwenzeke ukutsha (kubandakanya ukutsha komsi). Phantsi komgaqo wovavanyo, kukho ii-index ezininzi ezichaza ukusebenza kokutsha kwelaphu. Kukho ii-index zomgangatho ezichaza iimpawu zokutsha, ezinje ngokuba ingaba isampuli itshisiwe, iyanyibilika, i-carbonization, i-pyrolysis, i-shrinkage, i-crimping kunye ne-melt dropping, njl. Kukwakho nezibonakaliso zobuninzi ezichaza iimpawu zokutsha, ezinje ngobude bokutsha okanye ububanzi (okanye izinga lokutsha), ixesha lokutsha, ixesha lokuqhubeka, ixesha lokutsha, ixesha lokusasazeka kwelaphu, indawo eyonakeleyo kunye nenani lokuvezwa kwelaphu, njl.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Juni-10-2021